Pope Innocent X
1574 CE–1655 CE · Rome
Born Giovanni Battista Pamphilj in Rome, Innocent X reigned through turbulent mid-century crises. He protested the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, which ended the Thirty Years' War on terms unfavorable to Catholic claims, though his objections had little effect. In 1653 he condemned five propositions drawn from Jansenist theology, opening a long doctrinal controversy in France. His pontificate is often discussed in connection with the influence of his sister-in-law Olimpia Maidalchini and accusations of nepotism. He embellished Rome, notably the Piazza Navona and Bernini's Fountain of the Four Rivers, and is immortalized in Velazquez's penetrating portrait of 1650.
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RomeרומאItaly
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Rome in this era
In the 16th-17th centuries Rome was the centre of the Catholic Reformation. Imperial troops sacked the city in 1527, St Peter's Basilica was rebuilt (1506-1626), the Roman Inquisition was established in 1542, and Baroque popes reshaped its churches and squares.
About Rome
Rome, on the Tiber in central Italy, grew from an Iron Age settlement into the capital of the Roman Republic and then of an empire that by the 1st century CE ruled the whole Mediterranean. Its Jewish community, attested from the 2nd century BCE, is among the oldest in Europe. Christian tradition holds that the apostles Peter and Paul died there, and the city became the seat of the popes. After the Western Empire ended in 476 it passed to Gothic kings, to Byzantium and then to papal rule as capital of the Papal States, until it became the capital of unified Italy in 1871. Vatican City, independent since 1929, lies within it.
In Rome at the same time
Pope Gregory XIII, Pope Innocent IX, Pope Sixtus V, Pope Leo XI, Pope Gregory XIV, Pope Clement VIII
Across the traditions, in Rome at the same time
In the same place & time
Sages whose lives overlapped with Pope Innocent X’s in the same cities, drawn from their recorded journeys.
The world in their lifetime
Thinkers and teachers of other traditions whose lives overlapped with Pope Innocent X’s — a glimpse of the wider world they lived in. Drawn purely from recorded birth and death years.
Works
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