Pope John XXI
1215 CE–1277 CE · Lisbon
Born Pedro Julião in Lisbon, John XXI was the only Portuguese pope and a rare scholar-pope. Traditionally identified with Petrus Hispanus, author of the widely used logic textbook Summulae Logicales and medical treatises, he had a distinguished academic career before entering the Curia. Elected in 1276, he favored learning and disputation, and is the only pope Dante placed in Paradise. His brief reign ended when the ceiling of a study he had built at the papal palace in Viterbo collapsed upon him; he died of his injuries days later. His numbering reflects a medieval counting error.
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LisbonליסבוןPortugal
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About Lisbon
Lisbon is the capital and largest city of Portugal. Muslim forces took it in 711; in 1147 Afonso Henriques captured it with the help of crusaders; it became the kingdom's capital around 1255. It was the birthplace of Pope John XXI, the only Portuguese pope, and from the late fifteenth century the departure point for most Portuguese voyages of exploration, among them Vasco da Gama's of 1497; Francis Xavier sailed from here for India in 1541. Its important Jewish community, whose members included Isaac Abarbanel, treasurer to King Afonso V, was forcibly converted in 1497, and about 2,000 converts were killed in the Lisbon massacre of 1506. An earthquake devastated the city in 1755.
In the same place & time
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The world in their lifetime
Thinkers and teachers of other traditions whose lives overlapped with Pope John XXI’s — a glimpse of the wider world they lived in. Drawn purely from recorded birth and death years.
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