The four foundations of mindfulness

Satipaṭṭhāna (Pali, often rendered "the four foundations of mindfulness") is the core early scheme for training mindful awareness — simply paying close, honest attention to what is actually happening, moment by moment, without getting lost in it. The Buddha (the "awakened one" who founded the tradition) laid it out as four areas of contemplation, each a window onto present experience.

The four are: (1) the body — being aware of breathing, posture, movement, and the body's physical nature; (2) feelings — noticing the basic tone of each experience as pleasant, unpleasant, or neutral, before it snowballs into reaction; (3) the mind — observing the mind's current state, such as whether it is distracted or focused, tense or at ease, contracted or expansive; and (4) mental phenomena (often called "dhammas") — watching the patterns and contents of experience as the teachings map them, such as noticing a hindrance like restlessness arise and pass, or recognizing the factors that lead toward awakening.

What ties these together is steady, non-judgmental observation: not suppressing experience and not chasing it, but seeing it plainly. Out of that clear seeing, the deeper truths the tradition points to — that all things are impermanent and that grasping causes suffering — become directly felt rather than merely believed. This practice is the historical root of much of what is taught today as "mindfulness."