Testimonia et Fragmenta
Athens
C
Cleanthes
Cleanthes
c. 330 BCE–c. 230 BCE · Athens
Cleanthes of Assos was a Greek Stoic philosopher of the 3rd century BCE who succeeded Zeno of Citium as head of the Stoic school at Athens. He is remembered for deepening the religious and physical side of Stoic thought, and especially for his 'Hymn to Zeus,' a poem expressing the Stoic vision of a rational, divine order governing the universe. By tradition he supported himself by manual labor while studying.
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AthensAttica (Greece)
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About Athens
Athens, the capital of Greece since 1834, was the leading intellectual centre of the classical Greek world. Socrates taught there, and four major philosophical schools took root in the city: Plato's Academy, founded around 387 BCE, Aristotle's Lyceum, the Stoa of Zeno, and Epicurus' Garden. Under Hellenistic and Roman rule Athens remained a place of study that drew students from across the empire; in the 4th century CE the Christian writers Basil of Caesarea and Gregory of Nazianzus studied there together, while Neoplatonist teachers kept lecturing. Emperor Justinian's ban on pagan teaching of philosophy in 529 is generally taken to mark the end of the city's ancient history.
In Athens at the same time
Diogenes of Sinope, Xenocrates of Chalcedon, Apollodorus son of Pasion, Heraclides Ponticus, Hyperides, Lycurgus
In the same place & time
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Sages whose lives overlapped with Cleanthes’s in the same cities, drawn from their recorded journeys.
The world in their lifetime
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Thinkers and teachers of other traditions whose lives overlapped with Cleanthes’s — a glimpse of the wider world they lived in. Drawn purely from recorded birth and death years.