John Chrysostom

John Chrysostom (c. 349–407), whose epithet "golden-mouthed" reflects his extraordinary preaching gifts, was born and educated in Antioch, where he served as deacon and then presbyter for over a decade. Appointed Archbishop of Constantinople in 398, his reforming zeal and outspoken criticism of the empress Eudoxia brought him into conflict with the court and rival bishops. He was twice deposed and exiled — first briefly to a location on the Bithynian coast (often identified as near Praenetum or Nicaea), then permanently eastward — and died at Comana Pontica in Pontus in 407 while being marched to a more remote place of exile.

Chrysostom's legacy also carries a difficult shadow. While a presbyter in Antioch he delivered a series of homilies known as the Adversus Judaeos (“Against the Jews”; some translators render it “Against the Judaizers”), aimed at Christians who continued to attend the synagogue and keep Jewish festivals. Their harsh rhetoric against Judaism was later invoked in support of Christian antisemitism and remains a sustained subject of scholarly and ecumenical reckoning. Historians stress that these were occasional polemics shaped by the rivalries of fourth-century Antioch rather than systematic theology — but their influence on the later history of Jewish–Christian relations was real and lasting.