Penal Substitution (Atonement)
Christ stands in the sinner's place and bears the penalty sin deserved
Penal substitution teaches that Christ bore, in the place of sinners, the penalty their sin deserved, so satisfying divine justice. It is prominent in much Protestant theology and was articulated by Reformers such as Calvin. The traditions differ on its centrality: it is debated or de-emphasized in Catholic theology and especially in the Orthodox tradition, which tend to frame the atonement in other terms.
How it traveled
- Reply to Faustus the ManichæanHippo Regius · 430explains
- Book Second. of the Knowledge of God the Redeemer, in Christ, as First Manifested to the Fathers, Under the Law, and Thereafter to Us Under the GospelGeneva · 1564explains
- XIV Five discourses on the soul's eternal salvationNorthampton, Massachusetts · 1758explains
- Seventeen Occasional SermonsNorthampton, Massachusetts · 1758explains
- The Wisdom of God Displayed in the Way of SalvationNorthampton, Massachusetts · 1758explains
Key passages(20)
Book Second. of the Knowledge of God the Redeemer, in Christ, as First Manifested to the Fathers, Under the Law, and Thereafter to Us Under the Gospel · John Calvin
Seventeen Occasional Sermons · Jonathan Edwards
Commentary on Galatians · Martin Luther
Reply to Faustus the Manichæan · Augustine of Hippo
XIV Five discourses on the soul's eternal salvation · Jonathan Edwards
An Invitation to Holy Communion · Thomas à Kempis
Seventeen Occasional Sermons · Jonathan Edwards
The Wisdom of God Displayed in the Way of Salvation · Jonathan Edwards
The Wisdom of God Displayed in the Way of Salvation · Jonathan Edwards
XIV Five discourses on the soul's eternal salvation · Jonathan Edwards
Book Second. of the Knowledge of God the Redeemer, in Christ, as First Manifested to the Fathers, Under the Law, and Thereafter to Us Under the Gospel · John Calvin
Reply to Faustus the Manichæan · Augustine of Hippo
XIV Five discourses on the soul's eternal salvation · Jonathan Edwards
Seventeen Occasional Sermons · Jonathan Edwards
The Enchiridion · Augustine of Hippo
XIV Five discourses on the soul's eternal salvation · Jonathan Edwards
Seventeen Occasional Sermons · Jonathan Edwards