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islamic-akhlaqWe're still mapping where this idea was first discussed. Key passages and related ideas below.

al-Faḍāʾil al-Arbaʿ (The Four Cardinal Virtues)

The fourfold scheme of cardinal virtues — wisdom, courage, temperance, and justice — each a mean between two vices, adapted from Greek ethics into Islamic philosophical akhlāq.

The fourfold scheme of cardinal virtues — wisdom, courage, temperance, and justice — each a mean between two vices, adapted from Greek ethics into Islamic philosophical akhlāq.

Key passages(6)

Tahdhib Akhlaq · Ibn Miskawayh

Very high

Kitab Alfayn · al-'Allama al-Hilli

High

Hikma Khalida · Ibn Miskawayh

Moderate

Shifa Mantiq · Ibn Sina

Moderate

Zuhd Kabir · al-Bayhaqi

Moderate
Imtac 262explains

Imtac · Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi

Moderate