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greek-metaphysicsfeatured in 10 works

The Excluded Middle

Between true and false there is no third option — every statement falls on one side.

The law of excluded middle holds that for any proposition, either it or its negation is true — there is no middle ground. Aristotle (4th c. BCE) first stated it explicitly in Metaphysics Book IV, alongside non-contradiction, and it became one of the bedrock laws of classical logic. Its universality was later challenged by intuitionist mathematicians in the 20th century, who reject it for statements not yet proved or disproved.

How it traveled

  1. Parmenides
    Athens · -370
    explains
  2. Metaphysics
    Chalcis · -322
    explains
  3. De interpretatione
    Chalcis · -322
    explains
  4. De Fato
    Formiae · -43
    explains
  5. Adversus Mathematicos
    Alexandria · 190
    explains
  6. Pyrrhoniae Hypotyposes
    Alexandria · 210
    explains
  7. Sefer HaIkkarim
    Soria · 1425
  8. Likutei Halakhot
    Breslov (Ukraine) · 1840
  9. Fragmenta Logica et Physica
    Athens
    explains
  10. In Aristotelis Analyticorum Priorum Librum I Commentarium
    Athens
    explains

Key passages(20)

De interpretatione · Aristotle

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Fragmenta Logica et Physica · Chrysippus

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Alcibiades 2 · Pseudo-Plato

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In Aristotelis Analyticorum Priorum Librum I Commentarium · Alexander of Aphrodisias

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Fragmenta Logica et Physica · Chrysippus

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Fragmenta Logica et Physica · Chrysippus

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In Aristotelis Metaphysicorum Libros A-Z Commentaria · Asclepius

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Categoriae · Aristotle

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De Xenophane, de Zenone, de Gorgia · Pseudo-Aristotle

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De interpretatione · Aristotle

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De interpretatione · Aristotle

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De interpretatione · Aristotle

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De sophisticis elenchis · Aristotle

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Metaphysics · Aristotle

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