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Wellsprings
greek-metaphysicsfeatured in 30 works

Universals

When we call many different things 'red' or 'triangles,' is there a single real thing — redness, triangularity — that they all share, or just a name we attach to the group?

Universals are the general kinds, properties, and relations that many particular things can share — like 'human,' 'whiteness,' or 'equality.' The 'problem of universals' asks whether such kinds genuinely exist in their own right or are merely names or concepts we apply. The debate's two ancient poles are Plato's realism, which treats universals as independent Forms (4th c. BCE), and Aristotle's view that they exist only within particular things. Porphyry's 'Isagoge' (3rd c. CE) sharpened the question into its canonical form, splitting medieval philosophy into realists, nominalists, and conceptualists.

How it traveled

  1. Parmenides
    Athens · -370
    explains
  2. Sophist
    Athens · -360
    explains
  3. Philebus
    Athens · -355
    explains
  4. Metaphysics
    Chalcis · -322
    explains
  5. Analytica priora
    Chalcis · -322
    explains
  6. Nicomachean Ethics
    Chalcis · -322
    explains
  7. Topica
    Chalcis · -322
    explains
  8. Adversus Mathematicos
    Alexandria · 190
    explains
  9. Pyrrhoniae Hypotyposes
    Alexandria · 210
    explains
  10. Vitae philosophorum
    · 240
    explains
  11. Enneades
    Rome · 270
    explains
  12. Duties of the Heart
    Zaragoza (Saragossa) · 1080
  13. Guide for the Perplexed
    Cairo · 1190
  14. Sefer HaIkkarim
    Soria · 1425
  15. Akeidat Yitzchak
    Tarragona · 1490
  16. Abarbanel on Torah
    Naples · 1505
  17. Avodat HaKodesh (Ibn Gabbai)
    Cairo · 1523
  18. Mikdash Melekh, RaMaZ Commentary on Zohar
    Tzfat · 1680
  19. Kalach Pitchei Chokhmah
    Padua · 1730
  20. Likutei Halakhot
    Breslov (Ukraine) · 1840
  21. Malbim on Leviticus
    Bucharest · 1860
  22. Sulam on Zohar
    Jerusalem · 1945
  23. In Porphyrii Isagogen Sive Quinque Voces
    Alexandria
    explains
  24. In Aristotelis Categorias Commentarius
    Alexandria
    explains
  25. Anonymi In Analyticorum Posteriorum Librum Alterum Commentarium
    explains
  26. In Aristotelis Analyticorum Priorum Librum I Commentarium
    Athens
    explains
  27. In Aristotelis Metaphysica Commentaria
    Athens
    explains
  28. In Aristotelis Sophisticos Elenchos Commentarius [Sp.]
    explains
  29. Refutatio Omnium Haeresium (= Philosophumena)
    explains
  30. Epistulae
    explains

Key passages(20)

Quaestiones · Alexander of Aphrodisias

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In Porphyrii Isagogen Sive Quinque Voces · Ammonius

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Anonymi In Analyticorum Posteriorum Librum Alterum Commentarium · Anonymi In Aristotelis Librum Alterum Analyticorum Posteriorum

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De interpretatione · Aristotle

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Testimonia et Fragmenta · Diogenes Babylonius

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In Aristotelis Metaphysica Commentaria · Alexander of Aphrodisias

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In Aristotelis Sophisticos Elenchos Commentarius [Sp.] · Pseudo-Alexander of Aphrodisias

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In Aristotelis Categorias Commentarius · Ammonius

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In Porphyrii Isagogen Sive Quinque Voces · Ammonius

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In Porphyrii Isagogen Sive Quinque Voces · Ammonius

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In Porphyrii Isagogen Sive Quinque Voces · Ammonius

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In Porphyrii Isagogen Sive Quinque Voces · Ammonius

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Metaphysics · Aristotle

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Adversus Mathematicos · Sextus Empiricus

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